Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Nervous System Research Paper Essay Example for Free
Nervous System Research Paper Essay As a result of the differences in charges, an electro-chemical difference of about -70 millivolts occurs. The sodium-potassium pump, a system which removes sodium ions from inside the cell and draws potassium ions back in, maintains the electrical balance of the resting cell. Since the cell has to do work to maintain the ion concentration, ATP molecules are used to provide the necessary energy. Once a nerve impulse is generated, the permeability of the cell membrane changes, sodium ions flow into, and potassium ions flow out of, the cell. The flow of ions causes a reversal in charges, with a positive charge now occurring on the interior of the cell and a negative charge on the exterior. The cell is said to be depolarized, resulting in an action potential causing the nerve impulse to move along the axon. As depolarization of the membrane proceeds along the nerve, a series of reactions start with the opening and closing of ion gates, which allow the potassium ions to flow back into the cell and sodium ions to move out of the cell. The nerve becomes polarized again since the charges are restored. Until a nerve becomes repolarized it cannot respond to a new stimulus; the time for recovery is called the refractory period and takes about 0. 0004 of a second. The more intense the stimulus, the more frequent the firing of the neuron. When the impulse reaches the end of the axon, it causes the release of chemicals from small vesicles called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the synaptic gap, the small space between the axon and receptors in the dendrites. There is no physical contact between axons and dendrites (except in electrical transmission, usually found in invertebrates) which takes place through gap junctions. The type of response by the receiving cell may be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon a number of factors including the type of neurotransmitters involved. All nerve impulses are the same whether they originate from the ear, heart, or stomach. How the impulse is interpreted is the job of the central nervous system. A blow to the head near the optic center of the brain produces the same results as though the impulse had originated in the eyes. The neurons are the functional units of the nervous system through which coordination and control in organisms is executed. Resources Books BSCS Revision Team. Biological Science: A Molecular Approach. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath Co. , 1990. Campbell, Neil A. Biology. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, Publishing Company, 1987. Carey, Joseph, ed. Brain Facts: A Primer on the Brain and the Nervous System. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 1993. Curtis, Helena, and N. Sue Barnes. Biology. 5th ed. New York: Worth Publishers, 1989. Holtzman, Eric, and Alex B. Novikoff. Cells and Organelles. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 1984. Kuffler, Stephen W. , and John G. Nicholls. From Neuron to Brain. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1976. Pine, Maya, ed. Seeing, Hearing and Smelling The World. Chevy Chase: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1995. Purves, Dale. Body and Brain: A Trophic Theory of Neural Connections. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988. Raven, Peter H. , and George B. Johnson. Biology. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1992. Towle, Albert. Modern Biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, 1991. KEY TERMS Action potential ââ¬âA transient change in the electrical potential across a membrane which results in the generation of a nerve impulse. Axon ââ¬âThe threadlike projection of a neuron that carries an impulse away from the cell body of the neuron. Dendrites ââ¬âBranched structures of nerve cell bodies which receive impulses from axons and carry them to the nerve cell body. Depolarization ââ¬âA tendency of a cell membrane when stimulated to allow charged (ionic) chemical particles to enter or leave the cell. This favors the neutralization of excess positive or negative particles within the cell. Ganglion ââ¬âCluster of nerve cell bodies. In vertebrates, found outside of the central nervous system and act as relay stations for impulses. In invertebrates, act as a central control. Homeostasis ââ¬âThe internal stability of an organism. Myelin ââ¬âA multilayered membrane system of a Schwann cell that wraps around an axon. Made up of lipoproteins that act as insulators in speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses. Nerve Bundles of axons in a connective tissue sheath which follow a specific path. Nerve impulse ââ¬âA transient change in the electro-chemical nature of a neuron. Neuron ââ¬âCell specialized to receive and transmit impulses; functional unit of the nervous system. Neurotransmitter ââ¬âA chemical released at the end of an axon which is picked up by receptors such as dendrites, muscles, or secretory cells. Polarized ââ¬âTwo different charges on either side of a membrane caused by a difference in the distribution of charges; in resting nerve cells maintained by the sodiumpotassium pump. Reflex ââ¬âA rapid response to a stimulus that involves a sensory and motor neuron and may involve an interneuron. Refractory period ââ¬âRecovery period for the neuron in which no new impulse can be generated; it cannot respond to a stimulus until it is repolarized. Sodium-potassium pump ââ¬âA special transport protein in the membrane of cells that moves sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients. Synapse ââ¬âJunction between cells where the exchange of electrical or chemical information takes place.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Response To Intervention Essay -- Educational Issues, NCLB, teaching
RTI, is an acronym that has become commonly used in education after No Child Left Behind was implemented, but what does that acronym mean? Brown-Chidsey and Steege quoted Dave Tilly, a school psychologist, as saying that RTI actually means ââ¬Å"really terrific instruction!â⬠RTI is defined differently in different states. Some would argue it is Response to Intervention, while others say that it means Response to Instruction. Brown-Chidsey and Steege state that whether you say intervention or instruction, it does not matter; the importance is that teachers use scientific based teaching that responds to studentsââ¬â¢ learning. There are several benefits of RTI. First, according to the Nebraska RTI website, research states that struggling readers have a higher risk of academic failure and school dropout. With RTI, readers who are at risk of reading difficulties can be identified early and when provided intervention can catch up with grade level classmates. Second, teachers no longer have to wait for students to fail before interventions can begin. RTI provides a consistent model and procedures to make data driven team based educational decisions for all students. Starting the general education classroom, the first indication that a student is not performing at grade level in an academic area, a research based intervention is provided. With data from progress monitoring, and based on IDEA 2004, data from RTI may be used as part of the comprehensive evaluation for special education eligibility. Third, RTI can be set up by district. The district can determine appropriate assessments, curriculum and interventions that meet their needs, as long as they follow the model. According to the RTI Nebraska website, even though some... ...e of students. Works Cited Brown-Chidsey, R., & Steege, M. W. (2010). Response to Intervention: Principles and Strategies for Effective Practice (2nd edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. National Center on Response to Intervention. (n.d.). National Center on Response to Intervention Retrieved November 11, 2011 from http://www.rti4success.org Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. (n.d.). Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://rtinebraska.unl.edu Response to Intervention - Educational Service Unit 10. (n.d.). Welcome - Educational Service Unit 10. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.esu10.org/programs-services/teaching-learning/rti Response to Intervention. (n.d.). Nebraska Department of Education | NDE. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.education.ne.gov/RTI/index.html
Monday, January 13, 2020
Group 1 Syllabus
G R O U P ââ¬â I S E R V I C E S (HONS. DEGREE STANDARD) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION Minimum qualifying marks for consideration for Oral Test SC/ST/ B. Cs Oth PH ers Minimum qualifying marks for consideration for Selection SC/ST B. Cs. Othe /PH rs Maximum Marks Dura-tion Subject 1 SCREENING TEST General Studies & Mental Ability (Objective Type) 150 Questions. WRITTEN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) A. COMPULSORY SUBJECTS: General English Paper-I. General Essay Paper-II. i. History & Cultural heritage of India with emphasis on 20th century history of India. i. Social history of Andhra Pradesh i. e. , the history of various social and cultural movements in Andhra Pradesh iii. General overview of the Indian Constitution Paper-III: i) Planning in India & Indian Economy ii) Land Reforms and social changes in Andhra Pradesh after independence iii) Andhra Pradeshââ¬â¢s Economy, present status its strengths and weaknesses Paper-IV: i) The role and impact of Science & Technology in the devel opment of India with emphasis on the applied aspects ii) General awareness with the modern trends in life sciences. ii) Development and environmental problems Paper-V: i) Data appreciation and interpretation ii) The candidates will be asked to draw their own conclusion from the data presented in the tabular form in graphical or otherwise iii) Problem solving ââ¬â duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to suggest their own solutions to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation TOTAL: 2 2? (Hours) 3 150 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 3 3 50 150 150 3 150 3 150 3 150 225. 00 262. 50 300. 00 750 75 B. ORAL TEST (INTERVIEW) 247. 50 288. 75 330. 00 GRAND TOTAL: 825 1 Other Important Points: 1. There will be a Screening Test (Objective type) comprising General Studies and Mental Ability. This test is meant for short- listing the number of candidates to be admitted to the Written (Conventional Type) Examination i. e. , consisting of six compulsory papers. The number of candidates to be admitted to the Written examination (conventional type) would be 50 times to the vacancies available at material time irrespective of Communities. . The papers except General English may be answered in English or Telugu or Urdu chosen by the candidates. However, a candidate is not permitted to write part of the paper in English and part of it in Telugu or Urdu. 3. Candidates must appear for all the papers in Main examination and Oral test, who qualified for the same. Absent in any of the above will be liable for disqualification. 4. The General English paper is for qualifying one and the standard of this paper is that of S. S. C. The minimum qualifying marks in this paper are 40% for O. Cs. , 35% for B. Cs. and 30% for SC/ST/PH. These marks are not counted for Ranking. 5. In the event of the S. C. and S. T. candidates not coming up for selection with the existing minimum prescribed for the selection in the competitive examination conducted by the Commission, their selection shall be considered on the basis of Rank with reference to their performance in the Written and Oral competitive examination. 6. Hall Tickets for admission to the Written Examination will be sent to the admitted candidates. There is no need to submit separate application for this purpose. After Written Examination, eligible candidates will be called for an Interview at the ratio of 1:2 with reference to the number of vacancies duly following the special representation as laid down in General Rule-22 of A. P. State and Subordinate Service Rules. Sd/- Secretary 10/01/2008 2 GROUP- I SERVICES SYLLABUS GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY (SCREENING TEST ââ¬â OBJECTIVE TYPE) 1. General Science ââ¬â Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. . Current events of national and international importance. 3. History of India ââ¬â emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement. 4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP. 5. Indian polity and E conomy ââ¬â including the countryââ¬â¢s political system- rural development ââ¬â Planning and economic reforms in India. 6. Mental ability ââ¬â reasoning and inferences. MAIN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) GENERAL ENGLISH (X CLASS STANDARD, QUALIFYING FOR INTERVIEW) . Comprehension 2. Precis-writing 3. Re-arrangement of sentences 4. Correction of sentences 5. Synonyms 6. Antonyms 7. Filling in the blanks 8. Correction of spellings 9. Vocabulary and usage 10. Idioms and phrases 11. Verb tenses 12. Prepositions 13. Active voice and Passive voice 14. Parts of speech PAPER-I GENERAL ESSAY (Candidate should write three Essays one from each section compulsorily. Each section contains three topics. Each Essay carries 50 marks. ) SECTION-I SECTION-II : Crisis management, Social problems, Analysis and solutions. Current events of national and international importance. SECTION ââ¬âIII : Current events relating to State of Andhra Pradesh. 3 PAPER-II SECTION-I HISTORY AND CU LTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA WITH EMPHASIS ON 20TH CENTURY HISTORY OF INDIA 1. Indus Civilization ââ¬â Vedic Civilization ââ¬â Distinction between Indus Civilisation and Vedic Civilisation ââ¬â Evolution of Varna, Jathi/caste system ââ¬â Religious condition ââ¬â Emergence of Religious Movements (Jainism, Buddhism and other sects) ââ¬â Rise of Magadha Imperialism ââ¬â Rise of Mahayana and Development of Art (Gandhara, Mathura and other Schools). . Advent of Islam and its impact ââ¬â Influence of Islam on Indian Culture ââ¬â Religious Movements ââ¬â Nature and significance of Bhakti Movements ââ¬â Growth of vernacular languages, literature, fine arts, architecture, monuments, Indo-Persian art and architecture ââ¬â Vijayanagara empire and their contribution to art, literature and culture ââ¬â socio-economic conditions, administration, fall of Vijayanagar empire ââ¬â the Great Moghals and their contribution to Indian Fine Art, Architec ture and Fine Arts ââ¬â Rise of Shivaji. . Stages of colonialism ââ¬â changes in administrative structure and politics ââ¬â factors leading for the British supremacy, assistance of Indian Powers and the causes of failures ââ¬â Civil rebellions ââ¬â Revolt of 1857 and its impact ââ¬â Rise of nationalist consciousness and factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism and Freedom Struggle : Three Phases :1885-1905, 1905-1920, 1920-47 and significance of Gandhian Era. 4. Rise and growth of Socio-Religious-cultural ââ¬â anti-caste, Dalit and non-Brahmin, Justice/selfrespect movements in modern India ââ¬â Social reform organisations and role of intellectuals ââ¬â Raja Ram Mohan Roy ââ¬â Dayanand Saraswathi ââ¬â Jyotiba Phule ââ¬â Narayana Guru ââ¬â Mahathma Gandhi ââ¬â Ambedkar and others. 5. Nationalist Literature ââ¬â growth of peasant and labour movements ââ¬â role of leftist parties in antifeudal and anti-colonial struggles-rise and growth of Womenââ¬â¢s movements ââ¬â origin and growth of communalism ââ¬â workers and peasant movements ââ¬âfreedom and partition of India; important historical events after independence. SECTION-II SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1. The Satavahanas and their contribution ââ¬â social structure ââ¬â religious conditions ââ¬â growth of literature and painting ââ¬â Ikshvakus and their cultural contribution ââ¬â Growth of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh ââ¬â The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and their importance ââ¬â socio-cultural contribution ââ¬â growth of Telugu language & Literature ââ¬â education and learning ââ¬â Religious Sects ââ¬â growth of art and architecture. Socio- Cultural and Religious conditions in Andhra Desha between 1000 AD ââ¬â 1565 AD Growth of Telugu Language and Literature ââ¬â Nannaya- Molla etc. fine arts and architecture ââ¬â Monuments ââ¬â Significance ââ¬â Contribution of Qutubshahis to Telugu language and Literature ââ¬â Art- Architecture- Monuments. Modern Andhra ââ¬â Socio-cultural awakening in Andhra ââ¬â Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Theosohica society ââ¬â Adi-Andhra, Movements and role of Veereshalingam and others ââ¬â Non-Brahmin, Adi- Andhra /Dalit and Justice/self ââ¬â respect movements ââ¬â Gurram Joshuva ââ¬â Boyi Bheemanna ââ¬â Sri Sri and others ââ¬â Growth of Nationalist Movement in Andhra and the Andhra Leaders during the Freedom Struggle ââ¬â Role of socialists ââ¬â communists ââ¬â antizamindari-kisan movements. Asafjahi Dynasty ââ¬â socio-cultural awakening in Telangana -Adi-Hindu Movement ââ¬â Nizam Rashtra Janasangham ââ¬â Andhra Mahasabha ââ¬â Andhra Saaraswata Parishat ââ¬â The role of Hyderabad State Congress and Vandemataram Movement. Telangana Peopleââ¬â¢s Armed Struggle ââ¬â Ittehadul-Muslimeen ââ¬â Razakars-anti-Nizam Struggles and end of Nizamââ¬â¢s Rule and integration of Hyderabad State in Indian Union ââ¬â Formation of Andhra Pradesh. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4 SECTION-III GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. Nature of the Constitution ââ¬â constitutional developments ââ¬â salient features ââ¬â Preamble ââ¬â Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and their relationship Fundamental Duties, Distinctive features of Indian Federation. Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the State; Administrative and Financial relations between the Union and the States ââ¬â Powers and the functions of Constitutional Bodies. Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures ââ¬â Functions and crises of accountability, decline of legislature ââ¬â Delegated Legislation ââ¬â Legislative and Judicial control over the delegated legislation ââ¬â Judicial review of administrative action. Amendment of the Constitution ââ¬â Basic Structure Theory ââ¬â Emergency Provisions and Decentralisation ââ¬â Community development experiment ââ¬â 3 tier model of Panchayat Raj ââ¬â 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation. Welfare Mechanism in India: Provisions for scheduled castes, Tribes and Minorities; Reservations for SC, ST and Backward classes; Prevention of SC and ST Atrocities Act; National and State SC and ST Commission; Womenââ¬â¢s Commission; National and State Minorities Commission and Human Rights Commission. 2. 3. 4. 5. PAPER-III SECTION-I PLANNING IN INDIA & INDIAN ECONOMY 6. 7. National and per capita income and human development ââ¬â Sectoral changes in the Indian Economy (GDP and work force). Indian Planning ââ¬â Objectives, priorities, specific aims of the recent 5 year planââ¬â experience and problems. Changes in the role of public-Private Sectors and their shares in the total plan outlay before and after economic reforms. Poverty and unemployment problemsââ¬â magnitude and measures initiated to ameliorate them. Monetary policy ââ¬â Structure of Indian Banking and non-banking financial institutions and reforms in them since the 1990sââ¬âregulation of credit by RBI. Pattern of revenue, expenditure and public debt and effects on the economy. 8. 9. 10. SECTION-II LAND REFORMS & SOCIAL CHANGES IN A. P. AFTER INDEPENDENCE 1. . 3. Historical background of land reforms and the change in laws from time to time ââ¬â Intermediaries abolition, tenancy reforms, ceilings on holdings and land issues in A. P. Structure of the Andhra Pradesh economy ââ¬â its sectoral and regional distribution and the extent of poverty. Agricultural inputs and technology. Demographic features and social backwardness, literacy and occupation structure; changes in the sectoral distribution of inco me and employment. Socio-political and economic empowerment of women. State finances and budgetary policy ââ¬â tax structure, sharing central taxes, expenditure pattern in revenue and capital account as well as plan and non-plan accounts. Public debt ââ¬â composition ââ¬â internal and external debt including World Bank loans. Five year plans of AP ââ¬â Outlays, financing public sector plan and resource allocation pattern in the recent 5 year plan. 4. 5. 5 SECTION ââ¬âIII ANDHRA PRADESHââ¬â¢S ECONOMY, PRESENT STATUS, ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Growth and structure of industries in AP; Factories, small and tiny sectors, their comparison, growth, weaknesses and problems. Structure of agricultural outputs. Administrated prices including support and procurement prices ââ¬â Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh. Regional disparities in income, industrial output, rainfall, irrigation, health and education in AP. Institutional and non-institutional sources of rural credit in AP ââ¬â structure and growth cooperatives and their share in total credit ââ¬â adequacy and problems. Service Sector of AP ââ¬â Importance, composition and growth with special reference to transport and communication, tourism and information technology. PAPER-IV SECTION-I ROLE AND IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA: UNIT 1: National policy of science and technology and changes in the policy from time to time, Technology Missions. UNIT 2: Space programme in India and its applications with special reference to industrial, agricultural and other rural developmental activities, INSAT and IRS systems. UNIT 3: Role of Information Technology in Rural India, basics of computers, computers in communication and broadcasting, software development in economic growth. Broad IT applications. UNIT 4: Energy Resources: Energy demands, renewable energy resources, nuclear energy, the development and its utilisation in the country. UNIT 5: Current Science & Technology Developments in India, Climate change, Disaster Management (Floods, Cyclones and Tsunami); Crop science in India, Fertilisers, Control of pests and diseases ââ¬â scenario in India; Drinking water and supply, urbanisation and industrial development. SECTION-II GENERAL AWARENESS WITH THE MODERN TRENDS IN LIFE SCIENCES UNIT 1: Progress of Agricultural Science and its impacts ââ¬â Introduction to Biotechnology: History of fermentation development, industrially important fermentation products (antibiotics, organic acids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids (only one in each category is to be studied)) Production of low volume, high value fermentation products (insulin, growth hormones, recombinant vaccines, interferons) UNIT 2: Plants and human affairs, characteristics of plants, usefulness for mankind, origin of agriculture, useful and harmful plants. Introduction to animals, Domestic and wild animals, usefulness of animals for mankind, Exploitation of animals by man for food and medical advancements. UNIT 3: Introduction to and applications of Genetic Engineering & Stem Cell Research: Basic concepts (the basic process of genetic engineering) ââ¬â Biotechnology in agriculture (Biofertilisers, Biopesticides, Biofuels, Genetically modified crops, Tissue culture) animal husbandry (transgenic animals- applications) and environment (Biotechnology in Environmental clean up processes). UNIT 4: Microbial infections ; Common present day infections and preventive measures. Introduction to bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections. Basic knowledge of infections caused by different groups of micro organisms ââ¬â diarrhoea, dysentry, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, viral infections like HIV, encephalitis, chikungunya, bird flu ââ¬â preventive measures during out breaks. UNIT 5: Vaccines: Introduction to immunity, Fundamental concepts in vaccination and traditional methods of vaccine production (production of DPT and Rabies vaccine), Production of Modern Vaccines (production of Hepatitis vaccine), Applications of immunological methods in diagnosis. SECTION-III DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS: UNIT 1: Environmental Segments, Promoting Environmental Protection, The Environment (Protection) Act, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, Water pollution Cess Act, Forest conservation Act, Environmentalism UNIT 2: Natural Resources: Forest Resources ââ¬â Types of Forests, Uses of Forest s. Water Resources- Types of Dams, Drought Occurrences and Floods, Land Resources: Soils and Cropping patterns, Mineral resources. UNIT 3: Eco-Systems and Bio-diversity: Terminology of Ecology, Basic Concepts of Ecology, concept of an Ecosystem, Food Chains in Eco systems, Types of Eco systems. Biodiversity and its conservation: Types of biodiversity, Hotspots of Biodiversity, threats to diversity. UNIT 4: Environment Pollution and Solid Waste Management: Air Pollution, water pollution, Soil Pollution, Noise pollution. Solid Waste Management: Types of Solid waste, Factors affecting the solid waste generation, Impact of solid wastes, Recycling and reuse. UNIT 5: Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health. Global Environmental Issues like Climate Change, Acid Rain, Global warming, Wasteland Reclamation, Watershed management, watershed approach for sustainable development. PAPER-V DATA INTERPRETATION AND PROBLEM SOLVING 1. 2. Data appreciation and interpretation using ratios, percentages and averages. Drawing conclusions from the data present in tabular, graphical and diagrammatical forms and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein. Problem solving using the following: a) Sequences and Series: Analogies of numbers and alphabets, completion of blank spaces in a:b,c,d, odd thing out, missing number in a sequence or series. Coding and decoding problems: A given word or group of letters in English are to be coded or decoded based on the given code(s). . b) c) Date, time and arrangement problems: Calender and clock problems, blood relationship and seating arrangements. Passage Analysis: A duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to analyse and suggest their own solution to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation. d) Sd/- Secretary 7
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Human Resource Development Needs Assessment - 1190 Words
1. Introduction HRDNI is also recognised as human resource development needs assessment, and has been known as a training needs analysis. HRDNI also requires other process, that delve deeper into the organisations operations and requirements (Delahaye 2011). HRDNI can be time consuming, so in a time poor environment it can be considered a costly and unnecessary impost. Pressures in the workplace can make it easy to consider HDMI as being an avoidable process, as reported by Delahaye (2011)citing Stoneââ¬â¢s reports that in one Australian survey 70% of training was a waste. An organised systematic approach is therefore recommended so as to maximise the potential benefits of learning interventions (Goldstein 2012, cited in Delahaye 2011), with the whole HRDNI process being an investment of resources to guarantee ensuing action is more effective with improved efficiencies, therefore the benefits should outweigh the costs of the learning experience(Delahaye 2011). Whereas Human Resource Management (HRM) is principally the function, which involves all matters that affect individuals or groups within an organisation. People are considered to be the greatest asset within an organisation, likened to physical assets that cannot be bought or sold, they need to be cared for and managed so as to increase their value. The process for the development and releasing of human expertise by providing training for personal development with the intent of improving performance is HRD (Swanson etShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of Evaluation And Assessment Essay1606 Words à |à 7 PagesEvaluation and Assessment. The best practice of evaluation and assessment include the evaluation in each courses and the overall assessment of the whole program. Evaluation and assessment section is an inevitable portion of quality control. DE with much integration of technology, especially needs evaluation and assessment. 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