Response To Intervention Essay -- Educational Issues, NCLB, teaching

RTI, is an acronym that has become commonly used in education after No Child Left Behind was implemented, but what does that acronym mean? Brown-Chidsey and Steege quoted Dave Tilly, a school psychologist, as saying that RTI actually means â€Å"really terrific instruction!† RTI is defined differently in different states. Some would argue it is Response to Intervention, while others say that it means Response to Instruction. Brown-Chidsey and Steege state that whether you say intervention or instruction, it does not matter; the importance is that teachers use scientific based teaching that responds to students’ learning. There are several benefits of RTI. First, according to the Nebraska RTI website, research states that struggling readers have a higher risk of academic failure and school dropout. With RTI, readers who are at risk of reading difficulties can be identified early and when provided intervention can catch up with grade level classmates. Second, teachers no longer have to wait for students to fail before interventions can begin. RTI provides a consistent model and procedures to make data driven team based educational decisions for all students. Starting the general education classroom, the first indication that a student is not performing at grade level in an academic area, a research based intervention is provided. With data from progress monitoring, and based on IDEA 2004, data from RTI may be used as part of the comprehensive evaluation for special education eligibility. Third, RTI can be set up by district. The district can determine appropriate assessments, curriculum and interventions that meet their needs, as long as they follow the model. According to the RTI Nebraska website, even though some... ...e of students. Works Cited Brown-Chidsey, R., & Steege, M. W. (2010). Response to Intervention: Principles and Strategies for Effective Practice (2nd edition ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. National Center on Response to Intervention. (n.d.). National Center on Response to Intervention Retrieved November 11, 2011 from http://www.rti4success.org Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. (n.d.). Nebraska RtI Implementation & Support Team. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://rtinebraska.unl.edu Response to Intervention - Educational Service Unit 10. (n.d.). Welcome - Educational Service Unit 10. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.esu10.org/programs-services/teaching-learning/rti Response to Intervention. (n.d.). Nebraska Department of Education | NDE. Retrieved November 11, 2011, from http://www.education.ne.gov/RTI/index.html

Group 1 Syllabus

G R O U P – I S E R V I C E S (HONS. DEGREE STANDARD) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION Minimum qualifying marks for consideration for Oral Test SC/ST/ B. Cs Oth PH ers Minimum qualifying marks for consideration for Selection SC/ST B. Cs. Othe /PH rs Maximum Marks Dura-tion Subject 1 SCREENING TEST General Studies & Mental Ability (Objective Type) 150 Questions. WRITTEN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) A. COMPULSORY SUBJECTS: General English Paper-I. General Essay Paper-II. i. History & Cultural heritage of India with emphasis on 20th century history of India. i. Social history of Andhra Pradesh i. e. , the history of various social and cultural movements in Andhra Pradesh iii. General overview of the Indian Constitution Paper-III: i) Planning in India & Indian Economy ii) Land Reforms and social changes in Andhra Pradesh after independence iii) Andhra Pradesh’s Economy, present status its strengths and weaknesses Paper-IV: i) The role and impact of Science & Technology in the devel opment of India with emphasis on the applied aspects ii) General awareness with the modern trends in life sciences. ii) Development and environmental problems Paper-V: i) Data appreciation and interpretation ii) The candidates will be asked to draw their own conclusion from the data presented in the tabular form in graphical or otherwise iii) Problem solving – duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to suggest their own solutions to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation TOTAL: 2 2? (Hours) 3 150 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 3 3 50 150 150 3 150 3 150 3 150 225. 00 262. 50 300. 00 750 75 B. ORAL TEST (INTERVIEW) 247. 50 288. 75 330. 00 GRAND TOTAL: 825 1 Other Important Points: 1. There will be a Screening Test (Objective type) comprising General Studies and Mental Ability. This test is meant for short- listing the number of candidates to be admitted to the Written (Conventional Type) Examination i. e. , consisting of six compulsory papers. The number of candidates to be admitted to the Written examination (conventional type) would be 50 times to the vacancies available at material time irrespective of Communities. . The papers except General English may be answered in English or Telugu or Urdu chosen by the candidates. However, a candidate is not permitted to write part of the paper in English and part of it in Telugu or Urdu. 3. Candidates must appear for all the papers in Main examination and Oral test, who qualified for the same. Absent in any of the above will be liable for disqualification. 4. The General English paper is for qualifying one and the standard of this paper is that of S. S. C. The minimum qualifying marks in this paper are 40% for O. Cs. , 35% for B. Cs. and 30% for SC/ST/PH. These marks are not counted for Ranking. 5. In the event of the S. C. and S. T. candidates not coming up for selection with the existing minimum prescribed for the selection in the competitive examination conducted by the Commission, their selection shall be considered on the basis of Rank with reference to their performance in the Written and Oral competitive examination. 6. Hall Tickets for admission to the Written Examination will be sent to the admitted candidates. There is no need to submit separate application for this purpose. After Written Examination, eligible candidates will be called for an Interview at the ratio of 1:2 with reference to the number of vacancies duly following the special representation as laid down in General Rule-22 of A. P. State and Subordinate Service Rules. Sd/- Secretary 10/01/2008 2 GROUP- I SERVICES SYLLABUS GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY (SCREENING TEST – OBJECTIVE TYPE) 1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. . Current events of national and international importance. 3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement. 4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP. 5. Indian polity and E conomy – including the country’s political system- rural development – Planning and economic reforms in India. 6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences. MAIN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) GENERAL ENGLISH (X CLASS STANDARD, QUALIFYING FOR INTERVIEW) . Comprehension 2. Precis-writing 3. Re-arrangement of sentences 4. Correction of sentences 5. Synonyms 6. Antonyms 7. Filling in the blanks 8. Correction of spellings 9. Vocabulary and usage 10. Idioms and phrases 11. Verb tenses 12. Prepositions 13. Active voice and Passive voice 14. Parts of speech PAPER-I GENERAL ESSAY (Candidate should write three Essays one from each section compulsorily. Each section contains three topics. Each Essay carries 50 marks. ) SECTION-I SECTION-II : Crisis management, Social problems, Analysis and solutions. Current events of national and international importance. SECTION –III : Current events relating to State of Andhra Pradesh. 3 PAPER-II SECTION-I HISTORY AND CU LTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA WITH EMPHASIS ON 20TH CENTURY HISTORY OF INDIA 1. Indus Civilization – Vedic Civilization – Distinction between Indus Civilisation and Vedic Civilisation – Evolution of Varna, Jathi/caste system – Religious condition – Emergence of Religious Movements (Jainism, Buddhism and other sects) – Rise of Magadha Imperialism – Rise of Mahayana and Development of Art (Gandhara, Mathura and other Schools). . Advent of Islam and its impact – Influence of Islam on Indian Culture – Religious Movements – Nature and significance of Bhakti Movements – Growth of vernacular languages, literature, fine arts, architecture, monuments, Indo-Persian art and architecture – Vijayanagara empire and their contribution to art, literature and culture – socio-economic conditions, administration, fall of Vijayanagar empire – the Great Moghals and their contribution to Indian Fine Art, Architec ture and Fine Arts – Rise of Shivaji. . Stages of colonialism – changes in administrative structure and politics – factors leading for the British supremacy, assistance of Indian Powers and the causes of failures – Civil rebellions – Revolt of 1857 and its impact – Rise of nationalist consciousness and factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism and Freedom Struggle : Three Phases :1885-1905, 1905-1920, 1920-47 and significance of Gandhian Era. 4. Rise and growth of Socio-Religious-cultural – anti-caste, Dalit and non-Brahmin, Justice/selfrespect movements in modern India – Social reform organisations and role of intellectuals – Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Dayanand Saraswathi – Jyotiba Phule – Narayana Guru – Mahathma Gandhi – Ambedkar and others. 5. Nationalist Literature – growth of peasant and labour movements – role of leftist parties in antifeudal and anti-colonial struggles-rise and growth of Women’s movements – origin and growth of communalism – workers and peasant movements –freedom and partition of India; important historical events after independence. SECTION-II SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1. The Satavahanas and their contribution – social structure – religious conditions – growth of literature and painting – Ikshvakus and their cultural contribution – Growth of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh – The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and their importance – socio-cultural contribution – growth of Telugu language & Literature – education and learning – Religious Sects – growth of art and architecture. Socio- Cultural and Religious conditions in Andhra Desha between 1000 AD – 1565 AD Growth of Telugu Language and Literature – Nannaya- Molla etc. fine arts and architecture – Monuments – Significance – Contribution of Qutubshahis to Telugu language and Literature – Art- Architecture- Monuments. Modern Andhra – Socio-cultural awakening in Andhra – Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Theosohica society – Adi-Andhra, Movements and role of Veereshalingam and others – Non-Brahmin, Adi- Andhra /Dalit and Justice/self – respect movements – Gurram Joshuva – Boyi Bheemanna – Sri Sri and others – Growth of Nationalist Movement in Andhra and the Andhra Leaders during the Freedom Struggle – Role of socialists – communists – antizamindari-kisan movements. Asafjahi Dynasty – socio-cultural awakening in Telangana -Adi-Hindu Movement – Nizam Rashtra Janasangham – Andhra Mahasabha – Andhra Saaraswata Parishat – The role of Hyderabad State Congress and Vandemataram Movement. Telangana People’s Armed Struggle – Ittehadul-Muslimeen – Razakars-anti-Nizam Struggles and end of Nizam’s Rule and integration of Hyderabad State in Indian Union – Formation of Andhra Pradesh. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4 SECTION-III GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. Nature of the Constitution – constitutional developments – salient features – Preamble – Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and their relationship Fundamental Duties, Distinctive features of Indian Federation. Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the State; Administrative and Financial relations between the Union and the States – Powers and the functions of Constitutional Bodies. Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures – Functions and crises of accountability, decline of legislature – Delegated Legislation – Legislative and Judicial control over the delegated legislation – Judicial review of administrative action. Amendment of the Constitution – Basic Structure Theory – Emergency Provisions and Decentralisation – Community development experiment – 3 tier model of Panchayat Raj – 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation. Welfare Mechanism in India: Provisions for scheduled castes, Tribes and Minorities; Reservations for SC, ST and Backward classes; Prevention of SC and ST Atrocities Act; National and State SC and ST Commission; Women’s Commission; National and State Minorities Commission and Human Rights Commission. 2. 3. 4. 5. PAPER-III SECTION-I PLANNING IN INDIA & INDIAN ECONOMY 6. 7. National and per capita income and human development – Sectoral changes in the Indian Economy (GDP and work force). Indian Planning – Objectives, priorities, specific aims of the recent 5 year plan– experience and problems. Changes in the role of public-Private Sectors and their shares in the total plan outlay before and after economic reforms. Poverty and unemployment problems– magnitude and measures initiated to ameliorate them. Monetary policy – Structure of Indian Banking and non-banking financial institutions and reforms in them since the 1990s—regulation of credit by RBI. Pattern of revenue, expenditure and public debt and effects on the economy. 8. 9. 10. SECTION-II LAND REFORMS & SOCIAL CHANGES IN A. P. AFTER INDEPENDENCE 1. . 3. Historical background of land reforms and the change in laws from time to time – Intermediaries abolition, tenancy reforms, ceilings on holdings and land issues in A. P. Structure of the Andhra Pradesh economy – its sectoral and regional distribution and the extent of poverty. Agricultural inputs and technology. Demographic features and social backwardness, literacy and occupation structure; changes in the sectoral distribution of inco me and employment. Socio-political and economic empowerment of women. State finances and budgetary policy – tax structure, sharing central taxes, expenditure pattern in revenue and capital account as well as plan and non-plan accounts. Public debt – composition – internal and external debt including World Bank loans. Five year plans of AP – Outlays, financing public sector plan and resource allocation pattern in the recent 5 year plan. 4. 5. 5 SECTION –III ANDHRA PRADESH’S ECONOMY, PRESENT STATUS, ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Growth and structure of industries in AP; Factories, small and tiny sectors, their comparison, growth, weaknesses and problems. Structure of agricultural outputs. Administrated prices including support and procurement prices – Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh. Regional disparities in income, industrial output, rainfall, irrigation, health and education in AP. Institutional and non-institutional sources of rural credit in AP – structure and growth cooperatives and their share in total credit – adequacy and problems. Service Sector of AP – Importance, composition and growth with special reference to transport and communication, tourism and information technology. PAPER-IV SECTION-I ROLE AND IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA: UNIT 1: National policy of science and technology and changes in the policy from time to time, Technology Missions. UNIT 2: Space programme in India and its applications with special reference to industrial, agricultural and other rural developmental activities, INSAT and IRS systems. UNIT 3: Role of Information Technology in Rural India, basics of computers, computers in communication and broadcasting, software development in economic growth. Broad IT applications. UNIT 4: Energy Resources: Energy demands, renewable energy resources, nuclear energy, the development and its utilisation in the country. UNIT 5: Current Science & Technology Developments in India, Climate change, Disaster Management (Floods, Cyclones and Tsunami); Crop science in India, Fertilisers, Control of pests and diseases – scenario in India; Drinking water and supply, urbanisation and industrial development. SECTION-II GENERAL AWARENESS WITH THE MODERN TRENDS IN LIFE SCIENCES UNIT 1: Progress of Agricultural Science and its impacts – Introduction to Biotechnology: History of fermentation development, industrially important fermentation products (antibiotics, organic acids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids (only one in each category is to be studied)) Production of low volume, high value fermentation products (insulin, growth hormones, recombinant vaccines, interferons) UNIT 2: Plants and human affairs, characteristics of plants, usefulness for mankind, origin of agriculture, useful and harmful plants. Introduction to animals, Domestic and wild animals, usefulness of animals for mankind, Exploitation of animals by man for food and medical advancements. UNIT 3: Introduction to and applications of Genetic Engineering & Stem Cell Research: Basic concepts (the basic process of genetic engineering) – Biotechnology in agriculture (Biofertilisers, Biopesticides, Biofuels, Genetically modified crops, Tissue culture) animal husbandry (transgenic animals- applications) and environment (Biotechnology in Environmental clean up processes). UNIT 4: Microbial infections ; Common present day infections and preventive measures. Introduction to bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections. Basic knowledge of infections caused by different groups of micro organisms – diarrhoea, dysentry, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, viral infections like HIV, encephalitis, chikungunya, bird flu – preventive measures during out breaks. UNIT 5: Vaccines: Introduction to immunity, Fundamental concepts in vaccination and traditional methods of vaccine production (production of DPT and Rabies vaccine), Production of Modern Vaccines (production of Hepatitis vaccine), Applications of immunological methods in diagnosis. SECTION-III DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS: UNIT 1: Environmental Segments, Promoting Environmental Protection, The Environment (Protection) Act, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, Water pollution Cess Act, Forest conservation Act, Environmentalism UNIT 2: Natural Resources: Forest Resources – Types of Forests, Uses of Forest s. Water Resources- Types of Dams, Drought Occurrences and Floods, Land Resources: Soils and Cropping patterns, Mineral resources. UNIT 3: Eco-Systems and Bio-diversity: Terminology of Ecology, Basic Concepts of Ecology, concept of an Ecosystem, Food Chains in Eco systems, Types of Eco systems. Biodiversity and its conservation: Types of biodiversity, Hotspots of Biodiversity, threats to diversity. UNIT 4: Environment Pollution and Solid Waste Management: Air Pollution, water pollution, Soil Pollution, Noise pollution. Solid Waste Management: Types of Solid waste, Factors affecting the solid waste generation, Impact of solid wastes, Recycling and reuse. UNIT 5: Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health. Global Environmental Issues like Climate Change, Acid Rain, Global warming, Wasteland Reclamation, Watershed management, watershed approach for sustainable development. PAPER-V DATA INTERPRETATION AND PROBLEM SOLVING 1. 2. Data appreciation and interpretation using ratios, percentages and averages. Drawing conclusions from the data present in tabular, graphical and diagrammatical forms and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein. Problem solving using the following: a) Sequences and Series: Analogies of numbers and alphabets, completion of blank spaces in a:b,c,d, odd thing out, missing number in a sequence or series. Coding and decoding problems: A given word or group of letters in English are to be coded or decoded based on the given code(s). . b) c) Date, time and arrangement problems: Calender and clock problems, blood relationship and seating arrangements. Passage Analysis: A duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to analyse and suggest their own solution to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation. d) Sd/- Secretary 7

Human Resource Development Needs Assessment - 1190 Words

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An Evaluation Of The Course Review - 828 Words

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Description Of The Flight Recorder Systems - 8084 Words

The parameters that are mandatory and those that are only recommended depend of the type of the aircraft. ICAO – A8 - 2.2.2.6 Type IA FDR This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the 78 parameters in Table A8-1 ICAO – A8 - 2.2.2.7 Type I FDR. This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the first 32 parameters in Table A8-1. Table giving the parameters to record, the required precision and frequency (Extract) Tests for crash protected devices The manufacturers have to ensure to the authorities that their systems will be still usable even after a crash. Therefore they have to demonstrate its reliability in extreme case through tests and certifications. 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Structure of The Business - Ownership

Question: Discuss about the Structure of The Business, Ownership. Answer: Management Plan This chapter describes the management team, the structure of the business, ownership, internal management team and their skills. Also covers the external management, feedback, control and support services. (Albrecht, 2007). Ownership Structure Big red bicycle limited is owned by the CEO Mitchell Yeo. Mitchell Yeo will be responsible for making all major decisions in the business, and assisted by the managing director and the CFO when necessary. All staff members will be answerable to her indirectly via the managing director. The CEO intends to modify the organizational structure as the business grows in getting new employees. The company is considering manufacturing overseas in order to reduce cost and the cheap labor. The company is also considering diversifying its products in order to increase the sales of the product. The Management Team Internal Management style will reflect the participation of the Managing directors assisted by CFO and external expertise help. Big red bicycle limited will utilize the services of Operation General Manager, human resources, marketing and operations departmental heads to run its operations and serve customers. (Gibson, 2009). Managing Director Tom Copeland is the managing director. He is in charge when the CEO is not present. He directs and controls the work and resources of the company. CFO John Black is the CFO. He oversees the daily operation of the company.He also provides strategic advice to the CEO and the managing director. Operations General Manager Stuart LaRoux is the head of operations management. Stuart is responsible for ensuring all the training operations and ensures smooth operation inside the company. Senior Accountant. Pat Roberts is the senior Accountant. He is creates budgets and implements the financial plans of the company. Sales General Manager. Sam Gellar is the sales General Manager. He is responsible for developing marketing strategies and getting Big red bicycle limited known in Australia. He will come up with various marketing strategies that will help the company get recognized in the country. He will contact the media, social crowds, and other marketing methods and will ensure he will come up with ways to get new customers for the services and products. Production Manager Charles Pierce is the Production Manager. He gives advice on technology and other IT solutions that business needs and how to meet those needs. He also ensure smooth operation in the manufacturing department and reports any problem. Human resource Manager Holly Burke is the Human resource Manager. He ensures that the company will have all the labor and human resources needed. He will also ensure the company recruits only the best for better services to the customers and will be preparing training sessions for the new recruits and in-job training for the continuing staff. Organization Structure The management team comprises of CEO, who is also the sole owner of Big red Big red bicycle limited and will be assisted by an manager Director. There are four paramount departments i.e. human resource, sales and inventory, operations and marketing has heads, each qualified for the post. The heads reports to the Managing director via the CFO. Figure 1: Management structure Support Services Big red bicycle limited encourages feedback from its clients. This way, it will ensure it serves them better and take care of the complaints. The business provides its details; an email address, phone number, website where anyone can reach us for support. The business has integrated social sites like Face book, Twitter and Google Plus to reach more clients. These methods are vital in gathering data for forming a basis to serve the clients better. Professional services includes the media, which would involve advertising over the print and mass media to make the business known to the public. This would create awareness to the public as well as give the company a competitive advantage. Choice of media and outsourcing would be due to reduction of cost as well as expand to a wide region. IT outsourcing companies would be of important, to consider their services including web hosting, cloud computing and reference companies in case of a service that Big red bicycle limited does not have an d would need in order to run the business to maximize sales and make profit. We will also need to contract Auditors to do audit work for the company. Financial plan Introduction This chapter describes the financial structure of Big red bicycle limited. It shows the financial status of Big red bicycle limited technologies and projections. It includes the projected income statement, pro-forma balance sheet and the cash flow financial strategy. Also included are financial ratios summary and the business financial long-term goals. Financing Summary The financial plan is an important tool for the success of Big red bicycle limited. The intention of the plan is to finance growth through cash flow and equity from the business. Big red bicycle limited plan to $1,000,000 in sales returns, Later Big red bicycle limited will focus on growth and profits. Some of the members who will be part of the staff of Big red bicycle limited technologies so far have done realistic forecasts, and cash flow projections for the financial reports. Projected Profit and Loss Big red bicycle limited has projected profit and loss with sales from the business income to increasing from more than $ 200,000 the first year to more than 300,000 the second, and $500,000 the third year. Big red bicycle limited are expected to break even in the fourth year. The net profit margin projected will be relatively good for a start-up business. Big Red Bicycle Limited Pro-Forma Income Statement FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 2015, 2016 AND 2017 Table 1:Pro-Forma Income Statement Years Income (Kshs.) 2013 2014 2015 2016 Sales income 300,000 400,000 600,000 750000 Total income 400,000 500,000 750,000 800,000 Less cost of sales 200,000 220,000 300,000 350,000 Gross profit 900,000 1,120,000 1,650,000 1585000 Operating expense (Kshs.): Utilities 80,000 78,000 78,000 78,000 Advertising 100,000 97,000 100,000 120,000 Insurance 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Salaries 100,500 140,000 160,500 160,700 Interest 73,000 80,000 90,000 92,000 Miscellaneous 17,000 15,000 15,000 18,000 Total operating expenses 170,500 320,000 450,500 500000 Net profit 200,500 300,500 459,500 550,500 Table 1: Profit and Loss Account Balance Sheet Big Red Bicycle Litided Pro-Forma Balance Sheet As At 31 December 2013, 2014 ,2015 AND 2016 Table 2 Year(s) Assets 2013 2014 2015 2016 Fixed assets (Kshs.) (Kshs.) (Kshs.) Vehicles 10,600,000 34,100,000 30,450,000 31,450,000 Printers and copiers 3,000,000 4,000,000 3875,000 3875,000 Furniture 3200,000 3,200,000 3,100,000 3,000,000 Computers 40,800,000 45,900,000 45,000,000 45,000,000 Total Fixed Assets 57,600,000 87,200,000 82,425,000 81,425,000 Current Assets Cash in bank 5,250,000 4,700,000 6,500,000 5,250,000 Cash at Hand 500,000 400,0000 300,0000 500,000 Total Current Assets 5,758,000 5,100,000 6,800,000 6,900,000 Total Assets 63,358,000 93,300,000 89,225,000 88,225,000 Less Current Liabilities Suppliers 34,500 32,000 11,500 12,500 Net Assets 63,323,500 93,268,500 77,725,000 75,725,000 Financed by: Long term loan 55,929,500 81,613,500 30,000,000 32,000,000 Surplus income 7,394,500 11,654,500 47,725,00 48,725,00 Total liabilities and equity 63,323,500 93,268,000 77,725,000 79,725,000 Table 2: Balance Sheet profit margin (year1) Gross profit margin = (Gross profit / Sales) * 100% = (8,500,000/ 15,300,000) * 100% Gross profit margin = 55.55% Break-even level of sales: = (Expenses / Gross profit margin) * 100% = (1,370,500/ 50) * 100% Break-even level of sales = Kshs. 2,741,000. The business shall be able to generate normal profits above the break-even point in less time from the above ratio. Profitability of the Business Profitability of the business will be estimated by calculating the return on capital. Return on capital for year 1 = (Net profit / Capital) * 100% = (7,129,500/ 63,323,500) * 100% = 11.25% The return on capital for the first year will be high but the business will not be experiencing normal profits yet until early the second year. This return on capital however is expected to increase with time to self-sustaining levels resulting to high profitability. When Big red bicycle limited is fully established and expanded, more vehicles and computers will be purchased to cater for rising demand. More developers will also be hired to cater for new development of new bicycles. Our Service quality will see an increase in demand in the information technology market trends. Big red bicycle limited will also be expanded in the three more states to reach a wider market. This also means that the personnel will also be increased. Return of Equity for the Business Net profit after tax X 100 Owners equity. Year 1. 7,129,500x 100 = 1425.9% 500000 Year 2. 12,960,000x 100 = 2592% 500000 Year 3. 17,659,500x 100 = 3531.9% 500000 Return on Investment of Business. Net profit after tax + Interest x 100 Owners equity Year 1 7,129,500 x 100 = 1425.9% 500,000 Year 2 12,960,000 x 100 = 2592% 500,000 Year 3 17,659,500 x 100 = 3531.9% 500,000 Return on Equity for the Business Net profit after tax + Interest x 100 Total investment Year 1 7,129,500 + 90,450 x 100 200,000 = 3609.975% Year 2 12,960,000 + 87,000 x 100 200,000 = 3261.75% Year 3 17,659,000 + 176,400 x 100 200,000 =9702.95% Overheads Total overheads for year 1 = 851,685 kshs. Total overheads for year 2 = 946,150 kshs. Total overheads for year 3 = 1,010,680 kshs. Financial Requirement Item Amount (K.shs) Pre-operation costs Working capital Fixed assets expenditure 112,080 604,680 Total 716,760 Table 4-Financial Requirement The fixed assets expenditure has been added to pre-operational cost. Proposed Capitalization. Total investment 200,000 Owners equity 500,000 Total borrowers 150,000 Long-term goals After the business is fully established, there are plans to purchase more machines and expand the business so as to be able to serve and contain the growing demand. Products and Service variety will also increase with market trends as we work hand in hand with technology consultant to keep us up to date. This will result in an increase of revenue for the business. Reference Troy, L. (2008). Almanac of business and industrial financial ratios. Chicago, IL: CCH Leach, R. (2010). Ratios made simple: A beginner's guide to the key financial ratios. Petersfield, Hampshire: Harriman House. Gibson, C. H. (2009). Financial reporting analysis: Using financial accounting information. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Bull, R. (2008). Financial ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximise value and success for your business. Amsterdam: Elsevier/CIMA Pub. Albrecht, W. S. (2007). Accounting, concepts applications. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Duchac, J. E., Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M. (2011). Accounting using Excel for success. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. A dictionary of accounting. (2010). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Simanovsky, S. (2010). Accounting for beginners. Grandville, MI: Global Finance School.

The Effect of Endorphins on Pain free essay sample

Neurotransmitters are chemicals located in the brain that are responsible for communication of the information between and throughout the brain and the body. They send and transport signals via nerve cells (neurons). Without neurotransmitters our organism wouldnt have the ability to function because they are responsible for the operations in our body. With neurotransmitters, the brains sends signals to the other parts of the organism to perform the actions they need to. In past decades, numerous experiments were done to prove that and to find more about the neurotransmitters. In 1987, Dr. Jon Levine of the University of California in San Francisco found out that placebo can be expressed as chemical. In other words, he believed that the brain can produce neurotransmitters that can act as pain-killers, therefore in some cases, the mentioned neurotransmitters may trick the organism to believe they were given a certain drug treatment that will relieve pain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Endorphins on Pain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The brain produces the neurotransmitters called endorphins which are similar to opiates and thus influence our body. As i. e. morphine is an opiate that will in certain quantity relieve the pain in our body, endorphins are naturally produced opiates that will act in a same way as morphine does. In the same year he conducted an experiment called Placebos effect on pain may equal a dose of morphine to really prove whether the neurotransmitters endorphins are responsible for pain-killing and they can act as pain-killers (equal a dose of morphine). Dr Levine wanted to see if giving the participants regular sugar pills and telling them they are pain-killers will have the same effect as if they were really given a pain-killer pill. As participants were under the influence of the placebo, the endorphins are produced and the pain is relieved. Then, his second aim was to then conclude to what does of morphine does placebo equal. The participants were regular patients in a dental clinic who were told to drink a regular pain-killer in order to relieve pain after the appointment. They were told that the pills were regular everyday pain-killers, but truly they were ordinary sugar pills. The experimenters divided the participants in two groups (independent sample). The participants in both groups were experiencing some form of pain after the same or similar dentist appointment. The participants in the first group were given one sugar pill and were told that the pill was a pain-killer. Then, the participants in the second group were also given a sugar pill, but they were also given a pill containing a chemical called naloxone which prevents the production of endorphins and therefore no placebo effect would occur (they were possibly told to take two because of the amount of pain). * Dr. Levine believed that if they were given naloxone, this would stop the production of endorphin and thus there would be no chemicals that would suppress the feeling of pain. *the number of participants in each group was not available The findings were similar as his hypothesis. The participants from the first group didnt feel any pain after taking the pill because the endorphins were produced and acted as opiates to prevent any further pain. In the second group the participants told the experimenter that they were still experiencing pain, which was expected because the chemical naloxone prevented the production of endorphins and the participants underwent no treatment with opiates whatsoever. With additional studies, dr.Levine concluded that the effect of the placebo possibly equals to 8 milligrams, which is an amount of morphine that will surely suppress pain in a human. Dr. Levine concluded that human behavior can be influenced using placebo. If someone was told that a certain substance the person is intaking will help him feel better or different, the persons brain will act according to it. The person taking the substance has expectations regarding the use of the substance – the person will expect to feel better just by taking the pill and therefore automatically feel better. Dr. Levine suggested a reasonable justification – the naturally-produced chemical endorphin is responsible for these operations. The advantage of this study is that it is easy to draw results from it. We knew how placebo worked, but not why. By determining that endorphins are responsible for placebo, we need to justify that. In both cases there would be production of endorphins if just the sugar pill was given and with the production of endorphins the relieving of pain. To see if endorphins have something to do with placebo, we have to reject the endorphins and see if there will be any change. To reject the production of endorphins the experimenter used naloxone and saw that there was no placebo-effect if there was no production of endorphins. The possible disadvantage would be that there can be other factors along with endorphins that influence the placebo-effect about which the experimenter does not know. The findings are widely used today. The endorphins are also popular because they are linked to happiness, excitement, pain, etc. We always tell people to rather feel happy and cheerful when theyre experiencing pain psychologically or physically because that would help them. And if the placebo-effect is linked to the endorphins, the effect is very beneficial.